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31 May 2022

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Awesome Blockchain

区块链是一个廉洁的经济交易数字账本，可以通过编程记录金融交易，以及几乎所有有价值的东西（Don Tapscott）。

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Awesome Blockchain

Frequently Asked Questions (F.A.Q.s) & Answers

Q: What's a Blockchain?

A: A blockchain is a distributed database with a list (that is, chain) of records (that is, blocks) linked and secured by digital fingerprints (that is, crypto hashes). Example from genesis_block.json:

{
    "version": 0,
    "height": 1,
    "previous_hash": null,
    "timestamp": 1550049140488,
    "merkle_hash": null,
    "generator_publickey": "18941c80a77f2150107cdde99486ba672b5279ddd469eeefed308540fbd46983",
    "hash": "d611edb9fd86ee234cdc08d9bf382330d6ccc721cd5e59cf2a01b0a2a8decfff",
    "block_signature": "603b61b14348fb7eb087fe3267e28abacadf3932f0e33958fb016ab60f825e3124bfe6c7198d38f8c91b0a3b1f928919190680e44fbe7289a4202039ffbb2109",
    "consensus_data": {},
    "transactions": []
}

Q: What's a Hash? What's a (One-Way) Crypto(graphic) Hash Digest Checksum?

A: A hash e.g. d611edb9fd86ee234cdc08d9bf382330d6ccc721cd5e59cf2a01b0a2a8decfff is a small digest checksum calculated with a one-way crypto(graphic) hash digest checksum function e.g. SHA256 (Secure Hash Algorithm 256 Bits) from the data. Example from crypto.js:

function calc_hash(data) {
    return crypto.createHash('sha256').update(data).digest('hex');
}

A blockchain uses

the block header (e.g. Version, TimeStamp, Previous Hash... )and
the block data (e.g. Transaction Data...)

to calculate the new hash digest checksum.

Q: What's a Merkle Tree?

A: A Merkle tree is a hash tree named after Ralph Merkle who patented the concept in 1979 (the patent expired in 2002). A hash tree is a generalization of hash lists or hash chains where every leaf node (in the tree) is labelled with a data block and every non-leaf node (in the tree) is labelled with the crypto(graphic) hash of the labels of its child nodes. For more see the Merkle tree Wikipedia Article.

Note: By adding crypto(graphic) hash functions you can "merkelize" any data structure.

Q: What's a Merkelized DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph)?

A: It's a blockchain secured by crypto(graphic) hashes that uses a directed acyclic graph data structure (instead of linear "classic" linked list).

Note: Git uses merkelized dag (directed acyclic graph)s for its blockchains.

Q: Is the Git Repo a Blockchain?

A: Yes, every branch in the git repo is a blockchain. The "classic" Satoshi-blockchain is like a git repo with a single master branch (only).

More Q&A

Basic Introduction

Encryption knowledge
- Basic concepts - Asymmetric encryption, Digital signature, Certificate
- Digital signature extension - Multi-signature, Blind signature, Group signature, Ring signature
- Merkle tree
- Merkle DAG
- CryptoNote v2.0 - Untraceable Transactions and Egalitarian Proof-of-work

Consensus

Account and transaction model
- UTXO model

Exchange

Applications

Governance
- Blockchains should not be democracies

Digital currency ranking

Development Tutorial

BitCoin

Bitcoin is an experimental digital currency that enables instant payments to anyone, anywhere in the world. Bitcoin uses peer-to-peer technology to operate with no central authority: managing transactions and issuing money are carried out collectively by the network.

But how does bitcoin actually work?
Mining visualization
Wallets
Explorers
Libraries - C++, JavaScript, PHP, Ruby, Python, Java, .Net
Web services
Full nodes
More

Ethereum

Ethereum is a decentralized platform that runs smart contracts: applications that run exactly as programmed without any possibility of downtime, censorship, fraud or third-party interference.

These apps run on a custom built blockchain, an enormously powerful shared global infrastructure that can move value around and represent the ownership of property.

Utils

EEA - Enterprise Ethereum: Private Blockchain For Enterprises

Consortium Blockchain

Theory
Implement a consortium blockchain using ethereum

Hyperledger

Hyperledger Org
Fabric
- Fabric Org
- Fabric Design Documents
- Fabric Wiki
  - 1.4 En / Zn / Release
  - 2.2 En / Zn
- Fabric Source Code Analyse
- A Kafka-based Ordering Service for Fabric
Explorer
- Explorer Proposal
- Explorer doc
IBM OpenTech Hyperledger Fabric 1.4 LTS Course
edx: Introduction to Hyperledger Blockchain Technologies Free Course

XuperChain

XuperChain, the first open source project of XuperChain Lab, introduces a highly flexible blockchain architecture with great transaction performance.

XuperChain is the underlying solution for union networks with following highlight features:

High Performance

Creative XuperModel technology makes contract execution and verification run parallelly.
TDPoS ensures quick consensus in a large scale network.
WASM VM using AOT technology.

Solid Security

Contract account protected by multiple private keys ensures assets safety.
Flexible authorization system supports weight threshold, AK sets and could be easily extended.

High Scalability

Robust P2P network supports a large scale network with thousands of nodes.
Branch management on ledger makes automatic convergence consistency and supports global deployment.

Multi-Language Support: Support pluggable multi-language contract VM using XuperBridge technology.

Flexibility: Modular and pluggable design provides high flexibility for users to build their blockchain solutions for various business scenarios.

FISCO-BCOS

Releated Tools

Implementation of Blockchain

Projects and Applications

Quorum

Quorum is an Ethereum-based distributed ledger protocol with transaction/contract privacy and new consensus mechanisms.

Quorum is a fork of go-ethereum and is updated in line with go-ethereum releases.

Key enhancements over go-ethereum:

Privacy - Quorum supports private transactions and private contracts through public/private state separation, and utilises peer-to-peer encrypted message exchanges (see Constellation and Tessera) for directed transfer of private data to network participants
Alternative Consensus Mechanisms - with no need for POW/POS in a permissioned network, Quorum instead offers multiple consensus mechanisms that are more appropriate for consortium chains:
- Raft-based Consensus - a consensus model for faster blocktimes, transaction finality, and on-demand block creation
- Istanbul BFT - a PBFT-inspired consensus algorithm with transaction finality, by AMIS.
Peer Permissioning - node/peer permissioning using smart contracts, ensuring only known parties can join the network
Higher Performance - Quorum offers significantly higher performance than public geth

Monero

Monero is a private, secure, untraceable, decentralised digital currency. You are your bank, you control your funds, and nobody can trace your transfers unless you allow them to do so.

Privacy: Monero uses a cryptographically sound system to allow you to send and receive funds without your transactions being easily revealed on the blockchain (the ledger of transactions that everyone has). This ensures that your purchases, receipts, and all transfers remain absolutely private by default.

Security: Using the power of a distributed peer-to-peer consensus network, every transaction on the network is cryptographically secured. Individual wallets have a 25 word mnemonic seed that is only displayed once, and can be written down to backup the wallet. Wallet files are encrypted with a passphrase to ensure they are useless if stolen.

Untraceability: By taking advantage of ring signatures, a special property of a certain type of cryptography, Monero is able to ensure that transactions are not only untraceable, but have an optional measure of ambiguity that ensures that transactions cannot easily be tied back to an individual user or computer.

Getmonero.org - The official Monero website
Lab.getmonero.org - The official research group of Monero
RPC documentation - RPC documentation of the Monero daemon
Wallet documentation - Wallet documentation of the Monero daemon
Cryptonote Whitepaper - White paper of cryptonote, the family of crypto-currencies of Monero
Review of the Cryptonote White Paper - By the research lab of Monero
Cryptonote Standards - The 10 Cryptonote standards (equivalent to BIPs for Bitcoin)

IOTA

IOTA is a revolutionary new transactional settlement and data integrity layer for the Internet of Things. It’s based on a new distributed ledger architecture, the Tangle, which overcomes the inefficiencies of current Blockchain designs and introduces a new way of reaching consensus in a decentralized peer-to-peer system. For the first time ever, through IOTA people can transfer money without any fees. This means that even infinitesimally small nanopayments can be made through IOTA.

IOTA is the missing puzzle piece for the Machine Economy to fully emerge and reach its desired potential. We envision IOTA to be the public, permissionless backbone for the Internet of Things that enables true interoperability between all devices.

IOTA - Next Generation Blockchain
Whitepaper - The Tangle / Chinese version
Wikipedia
A Primer on IOTA - A Primer on IOTA (with Presentation)
IOTA China - IOTA China 首页
IOTA Italia - IOTA Italia
IOTA Korea - IOTA 한국
IOTA Japan - IOTA 日本
IOTA on Reddit

EOS

EOSIO is software that introduces a blockchain architecture designed to enable vertical and horizontal scaling of decentralized applications (the “EOSIO Software”). This is achieved through an operating system-like construct upon which applications can be built. The software provides accounts, authentication, databases, asynchronous communication and the scheduling of applications across multiple CPU cores and/or clusters. The resulting technology is a blockchain architecture that has the potential to scale to millions of transactions per second, eliminates user fees and allows for quick and easy deployment of decentralized applications. For more information, please read the EOS.IO Technical White Paper.

EOS Wiki - High Level EOS Software Overview
Technical White Paper - EOS.IO Technical White Paper v2
EOS: An Introduction - Black Edition - Ian Grigg's Whitepaper
EOSIO Developer Portal - Official EOSIO developer portal, with docs, APIs etc.

IPFS

IPFS (the InterPlanetary File System) is a new hypermedia distribution protocol, addressed by content and identities. IPFS enables the creation of completely distributed applications. It aims to make the web faster, safer, and more open.

IPFS is a distributed file system that seeks to connect all computing devices with the same system of files. In some ways, this is similar to the original aims of the Web, but IPFS is actually more similar to a single bittorrent swarm exchanging git objects. You can read more about its origins in the paper IPFS - Content Addressed, Versioned, P2P File System.

IPFS is becoming a new major subsystem of the internet. If built right, it could complement or replace HTTP. It could complement or replace even more. It sounds crazy. It is crazy.

White Paper - Academic papers on IPFS / Chinese version
Specs - Specifications on the IPFS protocol
Notes - Various relevant notes and discussions (that do not fit elsewhere)
Reading-list - Papers to read to understand IPFS
Protocol Implementations
HTTP Client Libraries

Filecoin

White paper / Chinese version

BigchainDB

White paper / Chinese version

BitShares

White paper / Chinese version

ArcBlock

Blockchain Developer Platform / White Paper

EthAir Balloons

A strictly typed ORM library for Ethereum blockchain. It allows developers to use Ethereum blockchain as a persistent storage in an organized and model-oriented way without writing custom complex Smart contracts.

Further Extension

Papers

Books

Blockchain guide by Baohua Yang, 2017 -- Introduce blockchain related technologies, from theory to practice with bitcoin, ethereum and hyperledger.
Blockchain: from Digital Currency to Credit Society
Attack of the 50 Foot Blockchain: Bitcoin, Blockchain, Ethereum & Smart Contracts by David Gerard, London, 2017 -- What is a bitcoin? ++ The Bitcoin ideology ++ The incredible promises of Bitcoin! ++ Early Bitcoin: the rise to the first bubble ++ How Bitcoin mining centralised ++ Who is Satoshi Nakamoto? ++ Spending bitcoins in 2017 ++ Trading bitcoins in 2017: the second crypto bubble ++ Altcoins ++ Smart contracts, stupid humans ++ Business bafflegab, but on the Blockchain ++ Case study: Why you can’t put the music industry on a blockchain
Mastering Bitcoin - Programming the Open Blockchain 2nd Edition, by Andreas M. Antonopoulos, 2017 - FREE (Online Source Version) -- What Is Bitcoin? ++ How Bitcoin Works ++ Bitcoin Core: The Reference Implementation ++ Keys, Addresses ++ Wallets ++ Transactions ++ Advanced Transactions and Scripting ++ The Bitcoin Network ++ The Blockchain ++ Mining and Consensus ++ Bitcoin Security ++ Blockchain Applications
Programming Blockchains in Ruby from Scratch Step-by-Step Starting w/ Crypto Hashes... ( Beta / Rough Draft ) by Gerald Bauer et al, 2018 - FREE (Online Version) -- (Crypto) Hash ++ (Crypto) Block ++ (Crypto) Block with Proof-of-Work ++ Blockchain! Blockchain! Blockchain! ++ Blockchain Broken? ++ Timestamping ++ Mining, Mining, Mining - What's Your Hash Rate? ++ Bitcoin, Bitcoin, Bitcoin ++ (Crypto) Block with Transactions (Tx)
Programming Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains in Ruby ( Beta / Rough Draft ) by Gerald Bauer et al, 2018 - FREE (Online Version) @ Yuki & Moto Press Bookshelf -- Digital $$$ Alchemy - What's a Blockchain? - How-To Turn Digital Bits Into $$$ or €€€? • Decentralize Payments. Decentralize Transactions. Decentralize Blockchains. • The Proof of the Pudding is ... The Bitcoin (BTC) Blockchain(s) ++ Building Blockchains from Scratch - A Blockchain in Ruby in 20 Lines! A Blockchain is a Data Structure • What about Proof-of-Work? What about Consensus? • Find the Lucky Number - Nonce == Number Used Once ++ Adding Transactions - The World's Worst Database - Bitcoin Blockchain Mining • Tulips on the Blockchain! Adding Transactions ++ Blockchain Lite - Basic Blocks • Proof-of-Work Blocks • Transactions ++ Merkle Tree - Build Your Own Crypto Hash Trees; Grow Your Own Money on Trees • What's a Merkle Tree? • Transactions ++ Central Bank - Run Your Own Federated Central Bank Nodes on the Blockchain Peer-to-Peer over HTTP • Inside Mining - Printing Cryptos, Cryptos, Cryptos on the Blockchain ++ Awesome Crypto ++ Case Studies - Dutch Gulden • Shilling • CryptoKitties (and CryptoCopycats)
Blockchain for Dummies, IBM Limited Edition by Manav Gupta, 2017 - FREE (Digital Download w/ Email) -- Grasping Blockchain Fundamentals ++ Taking a Look at How Blockchain Works ++ Propelling Business with Blockchains ++ Blockchain in Action: Use Cases ++ Hyperledger, a Linux Foundation Project ++ Ten Steps to Your First Blockchain application
Get Rich Quick "Business Blockchain" Bible - The Secrets of Free Easy Money, 2018 - FREE -- Step 1: Sell hot air. How? ++ Step 2: Pump up your tokens. How? ++ Step 3: Revolutionize the World. How?
Mastering Ethereum - Building Contract Services and Decentralized Apps on the Blockchain - by Andreas M. Antonopoulos, Gavin Wood, 2018 - FREE (Online Source Version) What is Ethereum ++ Introduction ++ Ethereum Clients ++ Ethereum Testnets ++ Keys and Addresses ++ Wallets ++ Transactions ++ Contract Services ++ Tokens ++ Oracles ++ Accounting & Gas ++ EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) ++ Consensus ++ DevP2P (Peer-To-Peer) Protocol ++ Dev Tools and Frameworks ++ Decentralized Apps ++ Ethereum Standards (EIPs/ERCs)
Building Decentralized Apps on the Ethereum Blockchain by Roberto Infante, 2018 - FREE chapter 1 -- Understanding decentralized applications ++ The Ethereum blockchain ++ Building contract services in (JavaScript-like) Solidity ++ Running contract services on the Ethereum blockchain ++ Developing Ethereum Decentralized apps with Truffle ++ Best design and security practice
Best of Bitcoin Maximalist - Scammers, Morons, Clowns, Shills & BagHODLers - Inside The New New Crypto Ponzi Economics, 2018 - FREE
Crypto Facts - Decentralize Payments - Efficient, Low Cost, Fair, Clean - True or False?, 2018 - FREE
IslandCoin White Paper - A Pen and Paper Cash System - How to Run a Blockchain on a Deserted Island by Tal Kol -- Motivation ++ Consensus ++ Transaction and Block Specification - Transaction format • Block format • Genesis block ++ References
Blockchain in Action by Bina Ramamurthy, early access -- Learn how blockchain differs from other distributed systems ++ Smart contract development with Ethereum and the Solidity language ++ Web UI for decentralized apps ++ Identity, privacy and security techniques ++ On-chain and off-chain data storage
Permissioned Blockchains in Action by Mansoor Ahmed-Rengers & Marta Piekarska-Geater, early access -- A guide to creating innovative applications using blockchain technology ++ Writing smart contracts and distributed applications using Solidity ++ Configuring DLT networks ++ Designing blockchain solutions for specific use cases ++ Identity management in permissioned blockchains networks
Programming Hyperledger Fabric by Siddharth Jain, -- A guide to developing blockchain applications for enterprise use cases ++ Where Fabric fits in to the blockchain landscape ++ The ins and outs of deploying real-world applications ++ Developing smart contracts and client applications in Node ++ Debugging and troubleshooting ++ Securing production applications
Self-Sovereign Identity by Alex Preukschat and Drummond Reed, -- In Self-Sovereign Identity: Decentralized digital identity and verifiable credentials++ you’ll learn how SSI empowers us to receive digitally-signed credentials++ store them in private wallets++ and securely prove our online identities.

Applications

Identity Applications

Public Blockchain Identity

Blockstack - Platform for decentralized, server-less apps where users control their data. Identity included.
Evernym - Self-Sovereign identity built on top of open source permissioned blockchain.
Jolocom - Self-sovereing identity wallet.
SIN - Proposed identity protocol for BitCoin.
uPort - Self-Sovereign identity on Ethereum by ConsenSys.

Blockchain as a collateral

ShoCard - Proprietary digital identity service, uses blockchain for time-stamping and secure documents exchange.
Tradle - Makes a bank on blockchain, identity as a collateral.

Unclear

KYC Chain - Secure platform for sharing verifiable identity claims, data or documents among financial institutions.
ObjectChain Collab - Cross-industry collaboration over distributed identity.
UniquID - Identity both for people and devices.
Vida Identity - Enterprise-grade Blockchain Identity Software.

Guidance

ID3 - Institute for Data Driven Design, explores issues around self-sovereign identity, and distributed organizations.
OpenCreds - W3C Credentials Community Group.
TAO Network Identity - Description of blockchain identity by Tao.Network.

Internet of Things Applications

Chronicled - IoT devices registry on blockchain.
Filament - Software and hardware for decentralized Intranet of Things systems
IOTA - Decentralized Internet of Things token on blockless blockchain.
Machinomy - Distributed platform for IoT micropayments.
Project Oaken - IoT blockchain platform.
Slock.it - Ethereum-based platform for building Shared Things.

Energy Applications

bankymoon - Blockchain consultancy. Presented bitcoin-topped smart electricity meter. Once topped up, it chooses a plan, and starts moving energy.
Co-Tricity - Decentralised energy marketplace by Innogy and ConsenSys.
Electron - Reinventing energy on blockchain.
GridSingularity - Blockchain for Smart Grid. Declare three years of work on the technology.
lo3 energy - Energy Services, Product Research & Development. Makers of Brooklyn Microgrid along with ConsenSys.
lumo - Energy provider. Experiment with blockchain.
PowerLedger - Decentralised energy marketpace.
PowerPeers - Peer-to-peer energy marketplace in the Netherlands.
Solar Change - Makers of Solar Coin. AltCoin for a MW of solar power.
Terraledger - Provider of Renewable Energy Certificates.
ImpactPPA - Reinvesting of power generated under Power Purchase Agreement in more PPAs.

Media and Journalism

Steem - Decentralized social network which incentivises content creation and curation.
PopChest - Incentivized distributed video platform.
Civil - Decentralized newsmaking platform.

DeFi (Decentralised Finance)

Uniswap - Decentralized exchange powered by the Automated Market Maker model (AMM).
Compound - Decentralized lending and borrowing.
1inch Exchange - Get the best rates among multiple DEXes.
Synthetix - Protocol for synthetic assets.

Tools
- Defi Dashboard: portfolio tracker, project lists, rankings, etc.
- Zapper: dashboard for viewing and managing your DeFi investments.
- Furucombo: easily create flashloans without writing a single line of code.
- Covalent: an unified API bringing visibility to billions of blockchain data points.

原文：https://github.com/yjjnls/awesome-blockchain

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